Ch 18 Free Essays

Part 18 Ethers Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides Assigned Reading from McMurry: Read Sections 18. 1 through 18. 9; not answerable for â€Å"Focus on †¦ Epoxy Resins Adhesives, pp. We will compose a custom paper test on Ch 18 or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now 697-698). Suggested Problems from McMurry: 18. 1a-e;18. 18. 2;18. 3a-d; 18. 4; 18. 5a-d; 18. 6a-b; 18. 7a-b; 18. 8; 18. 9; 18. 10; 18. 11; 18. 12a,b; 18. 13a,b; 18. 14a-c; 18. 16a-f; 18. 17; 18. 18; 18. 19a-c; 18. 20; 18. 21; 18. 22; 18. 23a-e; 18. 24a-I; 18. 25a-f; 18. 26a-d; 18. 27; 18. 28; 18. 29ad; 18. 30a-e; 18. 31; 18. 32; 18. 33; 18. 34; 18. 35a-d; 18. 36; 18. 37; 18. 38; 18. 39; 18. 40a,b; 18. 41a-d; 18. 2; 18. 43; 18. 44; 18. 45; 18. 45; 18. 46; 18. 47; 18. 48; 18. 49; 18. 51; 18. 52; 18. 53; 18. 54; 18. 551-e; 18. 56; 18. 57; 18. 58a-b; 18. 59a-b; 18. 60; 18. 61. 18. 1 Names and Properties of Ethers Method A: Simple ethers; order if two natural substituents. CH3â€CH2â€Oâ€CH2â€CH3 Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether O CH3â€CH2â€CH2â€Oâ€CH3 CH3 Methyl phenyl ether SP 18. 01 Provide orderly names for the accompanying ethers. CH3â€CH2â€Oâ€CH2â€CH2â€CH2â€CH3 O SP 18. 02 Provide structures for the accompanying orderly names. Methodical name : Isopropyl phenyl ether Systematic name: Cyclohexyl ethyl ether Technique B: Other utilitarian gatherings present, ether segment is a â€Å"alkoxy† substituent. Alkoxy models: methoxy - OCH3, ethoxy - OCH2CH3, propoxy - OCH2CH2CH3, and so on. O C H3 O CH3 O C H3 para-Dimethoxybenzene 3-Methoxy-1-cyclopentene SP 18. 03 Provide orderly names for the accompanying complex ethers. OCH3 O CH2CH3 Cl SP 18. 04 Provide structures for the accompanying precise names. Methodical name: meta-Bromopropoxybenzene Systematic name: 1-Isopropoxycyclopentene 18. 2 Synthesis of Ethers The Williamson Ether Synthesis R + O an alkoxide C X R SN2 an alkyl halide methyl 1o best; X = Cl, Br, I, OTos O C ether item Model: O Na + Sodium phenoxide CH3 Br O CH3 Phenyl methyl ether (anisole) + Na Br + X SP 18. 05 Complete the accompanying responses. CH3 C O Na + CH3 I + Na I CH3 C CH3 I + Na O CH3 + Na I SP 18. 06 Provide the appropriate alkoxide and alkyl halide important to deliver 2-ethoxy-2-methyl butane in great yield. CH3 CH2 C O CH3 CH2 CH3 + Na Br 8. 4 Oxymercuration Intermediates †¢ For lab scale hydration of an alkene †¢ Use mercuric acetic acid derivation in THF followed by sodium borohydride Markovnikov direction †by means of mercurinium particle Alkoxymercuration of Alkenes General Reaction: R C 2) NaBH4 H C R Ether Alkene RO Step #1 RO C 1) Hg(OAc)2, ROH H g OA C Step #2 R + HOAc Markovnikov expansion SP 18. 07 Complete the accompanying responses by showing the last significant natural item. H C 1) Hg(OAc)2, CH3OH H C 2) NaBH4 H CH3 C H CH3 1) Hg(OAc)2, CH3OH 2) NaBH4 SP 18. 08 Specify the alkene and liquor expected to deliver the accompanying ether. Liquor OCH2CH3 1) Hg(OAc)2, CH3 2) NaBH4 Alkene 18. 3 Reactions of Ethers: Acidic Ether Cleavage General Reaction: HX C O C OH + X C (solid corrosive) Ether Alcohol Alkyl halide SP 18. 09 Predict the item for the accompanying ether-cleavage response. CH3 C O CH3 HBr CH2CH3 8. 4 Reactions of Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement O OH 1,3 O to C move Thermodynamically progressively stable o 250 Allyl phenyl ether C9H10O ortho-Allyl phenol C9H10O Mechanism (includes six-membered change state): 1 O TS 2 3 1 O 2 H keto-enol tautomerization 3 O H SP 18. 10 Predict the structure for the accompanying Claisen modification. O 250 2-Butenyl phenyl ether C10H12O 18. 5 Cyclic Ethers: Epoxides (2 strategies) General Reaction 1: O C + R Alkene C O C H A peracid C An epoxide R C O A carboxylic corrosive Specific Example 1: O Cl C O H m-CPBA o H O + CH2Cl2, 25 C H 1,2-Epoxycycloheptane Cl H C O H 18. Cyclic Ethers: Epoxides (2 techniques) General Reaction 2: C OH X2, H2O C X A halohydrin Alkene O NaOH H2O C + H2O + NaX C An epoxide Review Section 7. 3 Specific Example 2: H CH3 C H CH3 cis-2-Butene Br2 H2O H CH3 Br C OH C H CH3 NaOH H2O O HC CH3 C H + H2O + NaBr CH3 meso-2,3-Dimethyl-oxirane (or cis-2,3-epoxybutane) SP 18. 11 Fill in the fitting intermediates demonstrating the right stereochemistry. H CH3 C CH3 Br2 NaOH H H2O trans-2-Butene + H2O + NaBr 18. 6 Reactions of Epoxides: Ring-Opening General epoxide structure: O C Since every molecule is sp3 there is impressive point strain in the epoxide ring-framework. C Acidic Conditions: Epoxide opening under acidic conditions (fluid corrosive) yields 1,2-diols General Reaction: H O C H C HO C H2O An epoxide C OH A 1,2-diol (glycol) H O C H C + O H O C + C H O H O H Specific Example (utilizing balanced epoxide): H + H H3O OH H2O OH O H trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediol SP 18. 12 Predict the right structure of the item diol demonstrating the right stereochemistry. O H CH3 C CH3 H trans-2,3-epoxybutane H3O+ H2O Note: Epoxide opening under anhydrous acidic conditions yields halohydrins. Explicit Example (2â ° and 1â ° carbons): o 1 carbon o 2 carbon O CH3 H C H 1,2-Epoxypropane Gracious HCl Et2O CH3 C Cl CH2 Cl + CH3 H 1-Chloro-2-propanol (90%) C CH2 OH H 2-Chloro-1-propanol (10%) SP 18. 13 Using the above model anticipate the major halohydrin. O H C H C HCl H Et2O O H C H HCl OH C Et2O H Cl CH2 Cl + C CH2 OH H Explanation: In situations where a 2â ° carbon and a 1â ° carbon structure the epoxide ring, the major halohydrin item will be where the beginning liquor is 2â ° and the halide is 1â °. Endless supply of the epoxide oxygen the halide particle straightforward assaults the less-obstructed 1â ° carbon with a more prominent recurrence to give the major regioisomer. Explicit Example (3â ° and 1â ° carbons): SP 18. 4 Using the above model anticipate the major halohydrin. Circle one. O C H HCl OH C Et2O + C H Cl H C OH C H Explanation: In situations where a 3â ° carbon and a 1â ° carbon structure the epoxide ring, the major halohydrin item will be where the nascent liquor is 1â ° and the halide is 3â °. Endless supply of the epoxide oxygen the ha logen assaults the more-balanced out (same as moresubstituted) carbon particle to give the major regioisomer depicted. Fundamental Conditions: Note: Nucleophile will consistently assault least-thwarted position. Explicit Example: o 3 carbon 1o carbon O CH3 C H OH NaOH H2O, ? CH3 C CH2 OH CH3 - Methyl-1,2-propanediol SP 18. 15 Predict the structure of the 1,2-diol from the accompanying response. O C H NaOH H2O, ? Response with Grignard Reagents: O CH3 C H OH 1) CH3CH2MgBr, Et2O 2) (aq) NH4Cl CH3 C CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 SP 18. 16 Predict the structure of the natural item from the accompanying Grignardepoxide response. O H C H 1) CH3MgBr, Et2O 2) (aq) NH4Cl Reaction with a 1â ° amine: O H C OH CH2 H H2NCH2CH2CH3 C CH2 N CH2 H Reaction with a 2â ° amine: O H C OH H H3C CH2 + N H3C H C CH2 N CH3 SP 18. 17 Predict the structure of the epoxide and amine expected to create the amino liquor appeared to one side. Goodness + CH3 C CH3 Epoxide Amine CH2 N H 18. 7 Crown Ethers †¢ Large rings comprising of rehashing (- OCH2CH2-) or comparable units †¢ Named as x-crown-y †x is the all out number of particles in the ring †y is the quantity of oxygen iotas †18-crown-6 ether: 18-membered ring containing 6 oxygen molecules †¢ Central pit is electronegative and draws in cations 18. 8 Thiols and Sulfides †¢ Thiols (RSH), are sulfur analogs of alcohols †Named with the addition - thiol †SH bunch is called â€Å"mercapto group† (â€Å"capturer of mercury†) Thiols: Formation and Reaction †¢ From alkyl halides by relocation with a sulfur nucleophile, for example, â€SH The alkylthiol item can experience further response with the alkyl halide to give a balanced sulfide, giving a less fortunate yield of the thiol Sulfides †¢ Sulfides (RSR? ), are sulfur analogs of ethers †Named by rules utilized for ethers, with sulfide instead of ethe r for straightforward mixes and alkylthio instead of alkoxy Using Thiourea to Form Alkylthiols †¢ Thiols can experience further response with the alkyl halide to give dialkyl sulfides †¢ For an unadulterated alkylthiol use thiourea (NH2(C=S)NH2) as the nucleophile †¢ This gives a moderate alkylisothiourea salt, which is hydrolyzed neatly to the alkyl thiourea Oxidation of Thiols to Disulfides Reaction of an alkyl thiol (RSH) with bromine or iodine gives a disulfide (RSSR) †¢ The thiol is oxidized all the while and the halogen is diminished Sulfides †¢ Thiolates (RS? ) are framed by the response of a thiol with a base †¢ Thiolates respond with essential or optional alkyl halide to give sulfides (RSR’) †¢ Thiolates are amazing nucleophiles and respond with numerous electrophiles Sulfides as Nucleophiles †¢ Sulfur mixes are more nucleophilic than their oxygen-compound analogs †3p valence electrons (on S) are less firmly held than 2p e lectrons (on O) †¢ Sulfides respond with essential alkyl halides (SN2) to give rialkylsulfonium salts (R3S+) Oxidation of Sulfides †¢ Sulfides are handily oxidized with H2O2 to the sulfoxide (R2SO) †¢ Oxidation of a sulfoxide with a peroxyacid yields a sulfone (R2SO2) †¢ Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is regularly utilized as a polar aprotic dissolvable 18. 9 Spectroscopy of Ethers †¢ Infrared: Câ€O single-bond extending 1050 to 1150 cm? 1 covers numerous different assimilations. †¢ Proton NMR: H on a C close to ether O is moved downfield to ? 3. 4 to ? 4. 5 †The 1H NMR range of dipropyl ether shows this sign at ? 3. 4 †In epoxides, these H’s ingest at ? 2. 5 to ? 3. 5 in their 1H NMR spectra Carbon NMR: C’s in ethers display a downfield move to ? 50 to ? 80 Let’s Work a Problem When 2-methyl-2,5-pentanediol is treated with sulfuric corrosive, drying out happens and 2,2dimethylte

Learning Activity Essay

This task discusses the statement of purpose of Lotto Food †supermarket and its significance and it likewise answer a couple of inquiries identified with the statement of purpose. Statement of purpose The statement of purpose of Lotto Food †market is â€Å"Where newness is at its best†. They guarantee their clients at giving a differing determination of best quality items at a sensible rate; alongside keeping up the best quality of newness they additionally win the heart and brain of their clients by giving the best client support. For what reason is it imperative to set up an unmistakable statement of purpose? The foundation of an unmistakable statement of purpose is significant on the grounds that it mirrors the vision of the organization with regards to how the organization might want its customers to see it .For the organization to be fruitful, it must have a reasonable statement of purpose that persuades the customers how it would be worthwhile for them to shop from their market and what offices and administrations can they exceptionally appreciate being a client of their supermarket. For what reason is it imperative to impart the company’s statement of purpose? So as to tell the open what your company’s vision is and what offices they have for them and what administrations they provide food, it is important to impart the statement of purpose of the organization. It helps in imparting desires and furthermore pinpoint what to weight on or to potential and furthermore it gives an unmistakable accord to the organization revealing to them where they need and how more would they be able to improve. Imparting the company’s statement of purpose to the workers is a higher priority than to its customers with the goal that the representatives are very much aware of the administrations they need to give and the presentation expected out of them. For what reason is the significance of the company’s statement of purpose significant in rolling out hierarchical improvements? A statement of purpose centers around a company’s present state and thusly so as to acquire any hierarchical change the organization, an adjustment in the company’s statement of purpose is additionally required in light of the fact that each part of your business is reflected in the statement of purpose. The properties ofâ the item, cost, administration, quality and your co-connection with your customers, providers rivals and representatives working in the organization. (Abraham, 2007). Surveying and amendment of the statement of purpose is significant as it ponders your points and objectives with the advancement of your organization, the financial condition and the business. On the off chance that the audit brings about an alteration of the announcement, it’s a serious deal since it likely implies that your organization is extending or it needs a hierarchical change. References Abraham,J.. (2007). 101 Mission Statements From Top Companies: Plus Guidelines For Writing Your Own Mission Statement. Ten Speed Press.

Installation Art and Architecture Essay Example for Free

Establishment Art and Architecture Essay Design has delivered works that was adored, regarded and something that caught the wonder of the individuals for quite a long time. It was the wellspring of something wonderful and even creative. It was a result of design that any semblance of the Parthenon, just as the other superb castles and church buildings and different structures things that individuals have considered as imaginative and wonderful was made and later enthroned in the archives of what is delightful and what is creative. Engineering has suffered for a considerable length of time, yet the development of the act of design likewise made it workable for the making of different orders from which what is delightful and masterful would be gotten from. Something that were constantly positioned next to each other with design today, with regards to the thought of workmanship and magnificence inside space and area, is establishment craftsmanship. Throughout the years, establishment craftsmanship has gotten boundless and picked up prominence. In any case, the spread of establishment craftsmanship has one genuine repercussion its demonstration of interruption in the domain of design, a demonstration of interruption that isn't amicably inventive however is once in a while ruinous as well. There perhaps cases wherein the coordinated effort and combination of engineering and establishment workmanship can create something that oozes orchestrated magnificence and mirror certain imaginative qualities and substance. What catches the consideration of experts is the manner by which establishment workmanship gives off an impression of being increasingly disposed in assaulting the space and the highlights of engineering, either as a major aspect of its general masterful viewpoint or in light of the fact that this is an important trademark for establishment craftsmanship to completely show itself. This has been a significant purpose of contention since establishment workmanship has risen. There are the individuals who accept that the two orders exist in amicability together while there are the individuals who accept something else. Along these lines, the paper will attempt to examine and dissect what the relationship is between establishment craftsmanship and design, how workmanship attacks building space, when and how workmanship and engineering meet and what will be the consequence of the coordinated effort of workmanship and engineering. The Evolution of Installation Art Installation workmanship, as the name suggests, is about a masterpiece that was introduced in a specific spot. It possibly a basic item or an assortment of articles, that consumes next to no space. It tends to be something a sight or viewable signal that can cause the crowd to feel as though they were changed in somewhere else as a result of the broadness of the range, genuinely, of the establishment craftsmanship that an entirely different condition was made in light of establishment workmanship. There are a wide range of segments that may make up a show-stopper considered as establishment workmanship (since anything that can be introduced in a spot can be a piece of establishment craftsmanship). From video introductions to showed photos, form and different fine arts, these all add to make establishment craftsmanship what it is and to help establishment workmanship accomplish its objective, and that is to change a specific spot so that what was accomplished was the experience and tangible prompts that the artist(s) needed or foreseen in the production of establishment workmanship. Establishment craftsmanship, similar to some other workmanship styles, types and developments have beginnings in various nations and numerous spots the world over demonstrated agreeable to the development, support and proceeded with advancement of establishment craftsmanship (Childs, Storry, 1999, p. 273). Considered as a type or craftsmanship development that is still under the contemporary workmanship time, establishment craftsmanship was felt as right on time as the seventies. A generally excellent case of probably the most punctual establishment workmanship incorporate the lavatory turned wellspring by Marcel Duchamp entitled â€Å"Fountain†, a show-stopper that was disputable and hair-raising to a great extent in view of what it introduced and the social restrictions and shows that it tested during its discharge. Joining Duchamp as the absolute most punctual defenders of establishment workmanship incorporates Kurt Schwitters, just as the Gutai gathering, a craftsmanship bunch that was arranged outside of the US and in Japan, and the American Allan Kaprow. These people are only a portion of the conspicuous people in establishment workmanship †perusing seriously through the historical backdrop of establishment craftsmanship. Research would uncover a few others who took an interest in the foundation and development of establishment craftsmanship around the globe (Childs, Storry, 1999, p. 273). Kaprow was considered as one of the craftsmen who helped control the possibility of establishment craftsmanship towards what it is today. He has proposed various thoughts that concretized the idea of establishment workmanship since its initial years. Kaprows thought regarding natural workmanship contributed towards the advancement of establishment craftsmanship as how today is known. By the beginning of the most recent two many years of the twentieth century, establishment workmanship was at that point known in numerous pieces of the world, including European nations (Childs, Storry, 1999, p. 273). The term establishment craftsmanship shares been for all intents and purpose use since at any rate the mid-1980s and establishments have gotten comfortable sights in British historical centers and displays during the 1990s (Childs, Storry, p273). Other than Kaprow, there is additionally the acclaimed establishment workmanship pioneer, Ilya Kabakov, who was likewise instrumental in creating establishment craftsmanship. Along with Kaprow, Kabarov helped in bringing establishment craftsmanship closer to the individuals, just as to the craftsmen by utilizing the academe and remembering establishment workmanship for what they educate in school so understudies will comprehend establishment workmanship better and perhaps add to establishment workmanship later on (Al-Qawasmi, De Velasco, 2006, p. 117). Two of the key coiners of establishment craftsmanship are Allan Kaprow and Ilya Kabakov. The two specialists made craftsmanship establishment as well as brought the training into the scholarly world (Al-Qawasmi, De Velasco, 2006, p. 117). Kabakov and Kaprow and their job in the presentation of establishment workmanship in the awareness of craftsmanship understudies learning in the academe is instrumental in the development of establishment craftsmanship, which , in one way brought establishment craftsmanship and engineering nearer together. The thought behind the making of the order that would be known as establishment workmanship lies on the conviction of the craftsmen that there are different ways that can be investigated. The review understanding of the individuals who are attempting to acknowledge workmanship is something that the crowd can understanding, identify and augment (Kronenburg, 2003, p. 229). The physical properties of the spot contributes in making the masterful display what it was, in this manner, bringing the fine arts and the experience nearer to the individuals and helping them relate to their selves better while being inundated in the workmanship they are seeing in establishment craftsmanship shows. Establishment craftsmanship endeavors to decrease the limits between the watcher and the saw and carry the specialists thoughts to a circumstance where they can be imparted all the more legitimately (Kronenburg, 2003, p. 229). From lifting from accessible materials, establishment workmanship encountered a significant change when TV and video recording was presented. It permitted the craftsmen greater assorted variety in their works and permitted more available resources for the fine art to be introduced to general society. As a result of this new innovation, establishment craftsmanship had the option to add another measurement to itself. Today, video has been a fundamental piece of establishment craftsmanship anyplace on the planet. Craftsmen, similar to Martin Firrell and Jenny Holzer, are a portion of the establishment workmanship experts who are known to utilize the advancements, recordings and computerized introduction. After some time, the help for establishment workmanship, its thoughts and the control, developed. Numerous substances like the Museum of Installation situated in London, just as the Mattress Factory in the United States, sounded their help for the development of establishment workmanship as a different and free development in the realm of craftsmanship. This is concretized by the development of the craftsmen submerged in this style. There are numerous establishment fine arts to come out of England. One model is the work entitled Neon Rice Fields displayed in 1993 by a craftsman from Vietnam who was at that point situated in Great Britain named Vong Phaophanit (Childs, Storry, 1999, p. 273). This additionally connotes the significance of the nations that bolstered establishment craftsmanship. For instance, the British prides itself with a few specialists, some of them are not conceived in that nation. Be that as it may, on account of the aesthetic air in the nation, even remote conceived specialists are presently based there in view of how the nation makes a neighborhood masterful network that is agreeable for the workmanship and the craftsmen. Some portion of the turn of events and advancement of establishment craftsmanship is the presentation of this specific artistic expression in the academe. By being acquainted with the scholastic world and being contemplated and utilized by experts, it was a method of granting establishment craftsmanship a feeling of authenticity in the workmanship world, such as giving it its legitimate spot in the realm of workmanship. Furthermore, a significant point in the conversation of the crossing point of establishment craftsmanship and design can be found in the conversation of establishment workmanship in the academe, in spite of the fact that students of history are not exactly sure when this started (Al-Qawasmi, De Velasco, 2006, p. 117). It is hard to follow the specific history and purpose of takeoff for utilizing establishments in building instruction (Al-Qawasmi, De Velasco, 2006, p. 117). A few eyewitnesses accepted that when establishment workmanship was presented in the academe, it was put inside the instructive framework for learning engineering, setting establishment craftsmanship as a section and not an option that could be more prominent than design. Remarkably, establishment workmanship was significantly grasped in the domain of engineering, even in the scholastic domain. Establishment practice in design schools is becoming both in undergrad and confirmation concentrates just as postgraduate research (Al-Qawasmi, De Velasco, 2006, p, 117). Job of Installation Art Establishment

Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Data System - Essay Example The individuals who make a product framework are in enormous strain to think of the product at a most minimal conceivable expense (Dahanayake). The pace of the headway in programming designing has expanded so quickly that the accepted procedures that were known by the person in making a product framework has veered off and has changed excessively quick. This is on the grounds that in Information innovation industry each time something new turns up and it is getting hard for the experts in adapting ready. A large portion of the product frameworks are created through an incorporated channel of client criticism and this makes the errand progressively hard for them to make the very same programming framework that is requested by the greater part of the client (Downes). While making programming framework there has likewise been some lawful results in the issuance and the insurance of the licenses. Greater firms frequently haggle for the product permit because of the inadequately characterized law of permit, which includes more challenges for the organizations. The organizations are attempting to make due in the market and they are depending on their experts to get them an upper hand in the market which puts more weight on these specialists which drives them to settle on choices that are probably not going to support the organization while satisfying customer’s requests (Downes). All the more frequently while making a product framework; the most concerning issue is the absence of understanding the product framework in regards to both the administrators and the data innovation master who are driving the advancement exertion. To make programming framework one ought to investigate the product segments in light of the fact that in any case some software’s are known as ‘spaghetti code’, which are unstructured and complex. This offers ascend to the quality and time tradeoff and influences the development of the organization. Some software’s are made for a specific situation

Oral Language and Reading Comprehension Essay Example for Free

Oral Language and Reading Comprehension Essay This paper is purposefully made to show the examination between oral language and understanding perception. Oral language and perusing cognizance are both basic to each person. We all had experienced oral language when we are as yet youthful and as it creates and as we develop and develop, it empowers us to be progressively learned and sets us up to an increasingly required cognizance in perusing. This two are critical and are interrelated to one another. As a parent, conversing with the youngster helps extends jargon, create foundation information, and move an anomaly about the world. The more a kid draws in into specific encounters and all the more discovering that begins from guardians and afterward to educators, it will broaden their psyches and licenses them into an increasingly wide comprehension of various things. Oral language is the very discovering that every one of us has experienced we despite everything have it up to now. This paper will widen your insight with respect to the correlation between oral language and understanding cognizance. Foundation of the Study: Oral language implies speaking with others. Then again, perusing cognizance is the demonstration of understanding what you are perusing. The definition can be just expressed the demonstration isn't easy to educate, learn or practice. Perusing appreciation is a purposeful, dynamic, intuitive procedure that happens previously, during and after an individual peruses a specific bit of composing. Oral language and perusing understanding are both fundamental in light of the fact that in oral language we are prepared on the most proficient method to discuss well with others. Understanding appreciation, then again, is additionally a method for understanding the book that we read; it could be only a basic magazine, paper, or even the books we utilized in school. An individual must have the option to comprehend what the person is perusing. It is vital that we realize how to talk or impart yet one thing that is extremely valuable also in our regular daily existences is the capacity to peruse and comprehend what we read. There is a finished contrast among â€Å"reading† and â€Å"reading with comprehension†. Presently, as you proceed to peruse this paper, you will be taken care of with more thoughts with the examination between communicated in language and understanding perception and how these two work together for a progressively familiar act of correspondence. It will build up your correspondence and understanding abilities; that it isn't sufficient to realize how to talk and read yet having the option to talk and simultaneously acknowledge what you are perusing and even apply these, all things considered, circumstances. Related Study: Oral language A lot of research has been done in the field of oral language procurement. As a methods for endeavoring to arrange their condition youngsters effectively build language (Dyson, 1983; Halliday, 1994; Sulzby,1985). From a childs most punctual involvement in close to home account improvement, oral language obtaining must be persistently encouraged. (IRA and NAEYC, 1998). This turns into the structure obstruct for setting up achievement in every aspect of proficiency. Oral language starts to create at an exceptionally youthful age as youngsters and guardians collaborate with each other in the common environmental factors of the home condition (Teale, 1978; Yaden, 1988). A childs home condition extraordinarily impacts the rate, quality and capacity to speak with others (MacLean, Bryant and Bradley, 1987; Martinez, 1983; National Research Council 1999). Components identified with language development in the home condition incorporate parent cooperation, books, being perused to, demonstrating; home language and education schedules all intently equal those of the study hall and school. The advancement of oral language is a progressing characteristic learning process. Kids watch oral correspondence in numerous settings †home, preschool, prekindergarten, and start to create ideas about its motivations (Dyson, 1983; Halliday,1994;Martinez, 1983). Target expertise territories, for example, sequencing, grouping, and letter sounds oral language aptitudes are largely segments of youth instructive projects (Kelley and Zamar, 1994). Which means is a social and social wonder and all development of significance is a social procedure. Formative phases of kid language advancement: Phase I †Protolinguistic or â€Å"Protolanguage†, Phase II †Transition, Phase III †Language. The Protolanguage Stage (which is related with the slithering stage) incorporates clamors and inflection, physical development, grown-up/newborn child cooperation †this trade of consideration is the start of language. During the Transition Stage (which is related with the formative phase of strolling) there is a change from kid tongue to first language. During this stage the â€Å"pragmatic† mode creates; an interest for products and ventures that looks for a reaction as an activity. In Phase III †Language Stage, the kid moves from discussing imparted understanding to sharing data to a third individual. The youngster understands that the truth is past their own understanding; they welcome affirmation, appreciate shared understanding. From the ontogenesis of discussion we can pick up knowledge into human learning and human comprehension. Which means is made at the crossing point of two inconsistencies †the experiential one, between the material and the cognizant methods of experience, and the relational one, between various individual narratives of the cooperating participating (Halliday,1994). Appropriately created oral language empowers a kid to adequately convey their contemplations and perspectives with others. It is additionally significant for little youngsters to have created listening abilities as they experience the intensity of correspondence. The earth impacts ones want to convey just as the recurrence of correspondence. Oral language creates through genuine encounters (Harste, Burke and Woodward, 1994). Kindergarten study hall situations that are buzzing with social collaboration are perfect conditions for sustaining talking and listening abilities. As kids take an interest in informative occasions, they gradually get a comprehension of the importance of these structures. Understudies should be given and urged to take an interest in ecological proficiency exercises, as those encounters are essential to language advancement (Brown and Briggs, 1987). Advancement of oral language abilities must be tended to in Kindergarten as an indispensable piece of the day by day educational plan with the goal for understudies to have the option to prevail all through tutoring and in todays society (Goodman, 1992; IRI and NAEYC,1998). Kindergarten programs should be organized however not formal. Study halls that are painstakingly organized take into account most extreme oral language securing through bona fide proficiency exercises that occur in normal manners during a school day (Ellermeyer, 1988). Instruction is request based, and as such the concentration with training becomes learning, and the undertaking of educating turns into the request procedure. The student is focal, during the time spent the learning-request cycle (Harste, Burke and Woodward,1994). Understudies should be given and urged to partake in ecological education exercises, as these encounters are imperative to language advancement. Dyson (1983) directed an investigation of the job early language plays in early composition. Through perceptions of youngsters at a Kindergarten composing focus she presumed that oral language is a vital piece of the early creative cycle. Talk gave both significance and to certain youngsters the orderly methods for getting that importance on paper. The youngster as a language student advances along a formative continuum. Language procurement is essentially a social procedure in which language is utilized to make and offer importance of experience (Corter and Park, 1993). Kids expect chances to connect with the two companions and grown-ups in a wide assortment of settings as they learning and practice language and education information, aptitudes, and techniques (Brown and Briggs 1987; Coohn, 1981; Dyson, 1983; Ellermeyer, 1988). Kids like to discuss themselves, their companions, their families, their pets, their side interests, and so on. Connecting with small kids in discussion about things with which they are recognizable manages them a solace level to explore different avenues regarding approaches to communicate. Chances to build oral language capacities and applications are installed inside the proficiency program. Discussion, coordinated effort, and learning through others are necessary to learning. A childs oral language capacity is the reason for starting education guidance, and as such introductory casual evaluations just as continuous appraisal during the school year would give key data with respect to a childs oral language capacities.

Rheem New Zealand . Survey Research report - 4400 Words

Rheem New Zealand . Survey Research report (Research Paper Sample) Content: Marketing Research: Rheem New Zealand Case Name University Marketing Research: Rheem New Zealand Case Executive Summary Business communication is a critical factor that determines the success of a company. Competition is currently stiff in every industry, consequently, companies have to embrace communication strategies that have identifiable returns and easily accomplishable for an organization. It is important to note that the decision to adopt a specific marketing strategy, the decision should be based on critical analysis of the problem and plausible methods implemented to implement the campaign. An effective market research follows a systematic analysis of data collected in line with the variables that would give practical results to influence change in a marketing strategy. It is essential for companies and organizations to identify the specific medium of advertisement and communication with the consumers. For example, some companies adop t strategies that overlook the traditional communication channels while others employ technology and computer applications entirely in marketing. It is important to note that the decision to choose a medium is a factor of consumers’ preferred source of information. Rheem New Zealand is a company that is not certain whether the marketing strategy is appropriate in line with the products and the customers. The major challenge the company has is to exemplify the effectiveness of the current communication strategy and if possible determine the best action to take. In addition to this, the company is also seeking to determine if the previous exercises have been a waste of company resources. The purpose of this research is to explore the various factors that influence the purchase of water heaters in New Zealand and also to demonstrate if there is a possible correlation between the consumers’ decision to purchase a product is influenced by the competitors’ adverti sing strategy. Most importantly, this research is designed to examine the correlation between consumer behaviour and a company’s preferred marketing strategy. In this present study, Rheem New Zealand Limited, the leading water heating manufacturer in New Zealand is used as a case study. On the contrary, the implications of the findings will answer a number of questions that have bothered the company. Firstly, the management would want to know if the current end user oriented market marketing strategy is really effective and not a process that is unnecessary and depleting the resources. In line with this, the research questions adopted in this study are intended to enable the researcher identify the various aspects that the marketing team is currently missing. Secondly, it is imperative for the company to note that present day marketing entails more than just communicating with the consumer, but a process that is complex and requires adequate and factual consumer response o n various factors that influence the decision making process. The case is further complicated by the fact that most of the products the company sells have seasonal applications and that continuous market analysis and especially consumer behaviour is essential in all business aspects. The data analyzed in this study are derived from the field and the market in which Rheem operates. This research study is therefore vital for the company given the fact that it is intended to explore the possible inadequacies in the company’s chosen marketing strategy. Consequently, the management is able to make informed decisions on the state of the marketing strategy that the company should adopt. Decision tree Research in marketing involves a series of tactical and strategic decisions based on the desired outcomes. The complexity of the decision problem that each research design adopts is often the major factor to consider when identifying the appropriate marketing research. According t o scholars, the initial process in decision making is identifying the problem and consequently proceeding to evaluation of the factors that lead to the occurrence of the identified problem. McQuarrie (2006) writes that the in planning a market survey, the researcher should identify and articulate a specific problem that necessitates the research. In essence, any market research is intended to offer solutions to a specific market problem that impacts the performance of the company in a market. Business decision makers therefore rely on the findings of a research to make decisions on a problem. Rheem manufacturing company is in a situation where the very strengths that the company has had are no longer trusted. Secondly, the management is worried that the impacts of a failure to effect fast and strategic changes to its marketing strategy would be detrimental in the near future given the level of competition in New Zealand. It is notable that the main problem in this case is that th e company is not certain and doubts the marketing strategy that the company has apparently employed in the last few years. The second problem the company encounters is that the consumers have changed and are in constant search and access to information that could lead them to other companies. The effects of this place profitability and the success of the company at stake. Rheem has in the past adopted a business to business marketing approach and has opted to use the sellers and its outlets to show case the company products. However, the management is concerned that there is not enough monetary resources to adequately support the growth and also confirm the sustainability of the drive and public shows as it had done in the past. From the above problems, the company has to stick to a strategy that will ensure that the major reasons that contribute to effective consumer communication are highlighted and adequately analyzed. The company has to employ this information in the managem ent of future research methods and in determining the course of future marketing approaches. In regard to the present study, the major research questions this study will explore include the following. What is the extent to which water heaters are significant to the entire New Zealand population? The second research question is that what are the most important aspects of a water heater for an end consumer in regard to price, energy efficiency, brand, longevity, warranty period, the installation and running costs? What are the factors that influence the purchase of water heaters in New Zealand, and which among these factors are determined by human interaction with others and with qualified personnel such as plumbers and other doctors? The above research questions adequately cover the sixteen items contained in the questionnaire. To begin with, the first study question is intended to explore the level of the different aspects of question six in the questionnaire which is intended to elaborate the level to which different families and respondents view hot water either as a necessity or a luxury. The second study question is in line with the questionnaire because the entire survey is an emphasis on the direct or indirect impacts of external forces in the individual decision to purchase a water heater. Additionally, the research question is intended to exemplify the relationship between the purchasing ability in relation to other home needs. It should be noted that this influenced by the prevailing economic status of an individual. Data collection Research design and procedure determine the outcome of a research. Data collection methods are many and vary from each research study to the other. In regard to this, it is important for a researcher to identify the most appropriate data collection method that will enable effective data collection and equally influence coherence. The study problems and the expectations of the research influence the data collection met hod a researcher embraces. The study design used in current study was based on qualitative analysis of sample data randomly collected in various households in New Zealand. The procedure in this study involved the use of questionnaires which had sixteen questions in total. The sample size was 90 with a gender parity consideration. This sample population consisted of 45 females and 45 males drawn from the same geographical location. This was done to ensure that the disparities in weather conditions do not result into discrepancies in sample data analysis. The data was collected based on the questionnaires. On the contrary, the respondents were not allowed to take the questionnaires home. This was a random check and the researchers were aware of the fact that there would be difficulties and minor problems in data collection and the conduct of the entire research in general. Based on a simple answer and open ended questions in some cases, the researchers gave the questionnaire to t he respondent and further proceeded to read the questions as they appeared in the questionnaire and the marking the answer as the respondent gave answers. Each interview session was scheduled to run for thirty minutes maximum time in order to enable the research to proceed in the shortest time possible before the respondent got distracted and the concentration wanes. The researchers then embarked on home based survey after the individual survey in order to ensure that the research questions are adequately answered. Furthermore, it was assumed that those surveyed in the first interview would be part of larger families or below the average age to give adequate information on the issues in the survey. Most importantly, the participants were allowed to consult with the family members on what they thought influenced their previous heater purchases and the result of the decision. In the process of a research, the researcher often encounters a number of problems. These problems could resu lt in poor response or unsatisfactory data sampling and compilation. ...

Issues with the SAT

Issues with the SAT October 5, 2013 Robert Sternberg has issues with the SAT. And so do many others. Bard College recently announced a decision to completely shake up their admission metrics (photo credit: Ben Ramirez). Do you have issues with the SAT? If so, you might want to read this. Theres a piece in Bloomberg BusinessWeek entitled Whats Holding American Students Back? The SAT by Peter Coy that we wanted to draw to the attention of our readers. In the piece, the current president of the University of Washington, psychologist Robert Sternberg, is cited as an example of a one-time American student who would not have succeeded had it not been for one teacher who recognized his aptitude. When he was in elementary school, Sternberg did poorly on IQ tests and other teachers on account of this testing expected him not to be at the top of the class. But the conviction of one teacher changed his course in life. Sternberg argues that the SAT and the ACT are modern examples of that IQ test he flunked at in elementary school. He thinks that these two exams are, in essence, IQ tests in disguise. According to the piece in Bloomberg BusinessWeek, Sternberg says he thinks college applicants should also be asked to demonstrate their creativity, practical intelligence, and even wisdom, qualities which are in shorter supply than cleverness. If you look at why this country is so screwed up, he says, it’s not because the people running it have low SATs.' Fair point. So whats the solution? Well, 850 four-year colleges are now SAT or ACT optional. Is that the trend the country will follow in the future? Do you think an alternative to the SAT or ACT can be created? Let us know your thoughts on issues with the SAT and ACT and proposed solutions. We look forward to hearing from you.

Review About Entrepreneurship And Risk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6921 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The aim of this chapter is to develop the knowledge and understanding on the subject matter as well as providing the theoretical background for the study. Therefore, it was essential that a desk review be made on previous studies focusing on the topic of the risk taking propensity among entrepreneurs. The literature review included some relevant studies that were done in the past particularly those related to the issue of this study. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Review About Entrepreneurship And Risk Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In addition, studies related to the general issues of entrepreneurship were also reviewed to shed additional insight on the subject matter. The chapter starts with the discussion on the concept of entrepreneurship with special reference to the entrepreneurial process and how entrepreneurs play their role in the process. It is then followed by discussion on the micro and small business sector in Malaysia in terms of the working definition and its importance to the national economy. Next, the definition of risk and its variants are discussed in greater detail. The chapter ends with the discussion of the literature related to risk taking propensity. Entrepreneurship is a process universally connected with the founding of business ventures, acquiring or expanding an existing business. Entrepreneurs have been considered as bearers for risks and uncertainties in making business choices (Knight, 1921), and make innovations for new goods, new methods of production, new markets, and new types of industrial organization (Schumpeter, 1934). Hull, Bosley, and Udell (1980) concurred that entrepreneurs assumed risks with the intention to expand the businesses. Meanwhile, Brockhaus (1980) recognized an entrepreneur as a manager or owner of a business who is not employed elsewhere. However, Cooper and Dundleberg (1987) defined entrepreneur as a person who either own or manage a business. While McClelland (1961) described an entrepreneur as a business manager who has the responsibility as a decision maker and takes responsibility for the decision made. From the above definitions, it can be concluded that an entrepreneur is the owner or manager of an MSME, in which he or she may not be a founder but has a responsibility to make decision and take the risk and responsibility for the decision made. Entrepreneurship endeavours involve gathering of productive resources in an attempt to begin a business enterprise with the expectation of providing a reasonable income to the e ntrepreneur or small business operator. These resources include manpower, equipment and tools, money, time and basic raw materials which may entail some risks in procuring them. For example, the risk of not getting basic raw materials as needed to produce the product or damage to the equipment and tools means losses to the entrepreneur. These resources, along with their associated risk, should be recognized and managed to minimize losses and to increase profits. Hereditary risk exists in all the processes starting from the ideation, conceptualization, enterprise creation, commercialization and ending with the growth of the enterprise. The entrepreneurial process remains the same and the roles and nature of the entrepreneur are universal, regardless of industries.  ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­ Moreover, all businesses in the world face risk regardless of its size, thus they have to identify, assess, manage and monitor the organizations business opportunities and risks. The current b usiness disappointments are usually caused by entrepreneurs misjudgements, mismanagement of risk and changes in corporate governance requirements. There are also increasing stakeholder expectations for entrepreneurs to effectively manage all risks exist within an organization. 2.3 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are and will continue to be the backbone of Malaysian economic growth. Undoubtedly, MSMEs contributes greatly to the economic strength in Malaysia. With the New Economic Policy introduced by government in 1971, Malaysian MSMEs were given the important task of hoisting new breed of Bumiputra entrepreneurs who would eventually grow into large business community in accordance with the social restructuring objectives of the policy. The policy has been able to create MSMEs whereby 30% of the businesses are owned by bumiputras. As of Mac 2005, a total of 518,996 MSMEs were registered in Malaysia (Census of Establishments and Enterprises, 2005, Department of Statistics Malaysia). Most of the MSMEs were found in the service sector, accounting for 86.5%. They contributed 27.3 percent of total manufacturing output, 25.8 percent to value-added production, owned 27.6 percent of fixed assets and employed 38.9 percent of the country workforce (SMIDEC, 2002). There were 192,527 establishments in the services sector and 186,728 (96.7%) of these are made up of MSMEs in Malaysia. Yusoff (2004) noted higher consumer spending and a record level of tourist arrival caused the services sector to grow by 6.8% in 2004. Strong expansion in all sub-sectors with transport and communication emanated the growth in the lead at 8.4% followed by wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants (7.1%) and finance, insurance, real estate and business services (6.5%). MSMEs had become one of the main drivers of economic growth as the industries contribute 32% to Malaysias gross domestic product (GDP), account for 56% of total employment and 19% of total exports of the nation in 2007 (SME Annual Report, 2007). The definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises is classified within the context of the country in which they operate, as typically, the concept varies according to country (Gunasekaran, Forker and Kobu, 2000). In the past, there was no common definition of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Malaysia. Many agencies defined MSMEs differently according to their own criteria based on annual sales turnover, number of employees or shareholder. The criteria should include paid-up capital, shareholders funds, sales turnover, and number of employees or a combination of these. In Malaysia, National Small and Medium Enterprise Development Council (NSDC), (2005), defined micro, small and medium enterprises as firms employing 150 full-time employees with sales turnover less than RM 25 million. This definition covers the manufacturing sector including agro-based, services, primary agriculture and ICT. Bank Negara Malaysia defined MSMEs as enterprises with shareholders funds of less than RM10 million. Meanwhile, the Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (SMECorp) defined MSMEs as enterprises based on the annual sales turnover not exceeding RM25 million and number of full-time employees not ex ceeding 150. The criteria used in defining MSMEs are based on annual sales turnover and number of the MSMEs as postulated in Table 2.1 below. Table 2.1: Definitions of MSMEs in Malaysia Category Micro-enterprise Small enterprise Medium enterprise Manufacturing (including agro-based) and MRS No. of full-time employees: Less than 5 Annual Sales Turnover: Less than RM250,000 No. of full-time employees: Between 5 and 50 Annual Sales Turnover: Between RM250,000 and less than RM10 million No. of full-time employees: Between 51 and 150 Annual Sales Turnover: Between RM10 million and RM25 million. Services, primary agriculture and information and communication Technology (ICT) No. of full-time employees: Less than 5 Annual Sales Turnover: Less than RM200,000 No. of full-time employees: Between 5 and 19 Annual Sales Turnover: Between RM200,000 and less than RM1 million No. of full-time employees: Between 20 and 50 Annual Sales Turnover: Between RM1 million and RM5 million Sources: National Small and Medium Enterprise Development Council (NSDC), (2005) 2.4 Risk Risk become popular in the economics field in the 1920s and started to be the main focus in the academic discipline. Thus, the definition of risk has been extended within the area of decision making by various field of literature in management, environmental, insurance and psychology. Risk and its elements definition is complicated and multifaceted as it is viewed and considered differently depending upon the taxonomy that an individual utilizes it. Generally, risk refers to uncertainty concerning the occurrence of a loss (Redja 2005). Yates and Stone (1992) defined risk as the degree of uncertainty and potential loss which may follow from a given behaviour. Risk is also defined by Greene (1962) as the uncertainty as to the occurrence of an economic loss and, measurable uncertainty (Knight, 1921) or objectified uncertainty regarding the occurrence of an undesirable event (Willett, 1951). Apart from the dissimilarities in defining risk, two common themes are about uncertainty and loss. According to Crowe Horn, (1957), the term probability may have the connotation of likelihood to specific persons as compared to probability to others. This feeling of unpredictability of the actual results of a method contrary the possible expected outcomes introduces objectives suspicion about the outcome in given circumstances (Williams Heins, 1964). Once the event occurred, the differences can be measured in the actual versus expected outcome of an action but differs from the incidence of an unwelcome contingency (Althearn, 1962). Consequently, there is variability in the connotative definitions of risk between persons, society and ethos despite several general academic accords concerning the fundamental of risk. In addition to the facets of uncertainty and loss, there is the constituent of the future time component in the likelihood, predictive, possibility of risk. The multitude of descriptions of risk is due to the lack of agreement by scholars and the nature of ri sk itself. The word of uncertainty may be unique to a particular actor if the word of uncertainty refers to the component of risk and uncertainty as a state of mind of the individual processing the risk. Besides uncertainty, risk involves loss, or something that is undesirable. Loss may be more than financial or economic. Crowe and Horn (1957) defined loss as an involuntary reduction in the capacity of an entity to satisfy its wants. Therefore, it looks that scholars have disagreements in separating an individuals awareness, perception and attitude from the general concept of risk. Entrepreneurial Risk An entrepreneur is a risk taker and is prone to assume business risks. Any error in making business decision is a probable source of threat or opportunity in assuring the success of the business. The distinctiveness of entrepreneur businesses, rivalries and tight economic situations has obligated the entrepreneurs capability on predicting the business risks. Busenitz (1999) noted the basis of risk is that ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦the dominant theme running throughout the entrepreneurship literature is risk and how entrepreneurs are predisposed towards risky alternatives or how the should manage risk (p. 325). However, this statement contradicts with McCarthys (2000) statement on the risk that ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦the risk construct dominates the literature on entrepreneurship and the ability to bear risk has been identified as the primary challenge facing entrepreneurs (p.563). Furthermore, Klein (1977) had summarized that the capacity to take risk as being an inherent attribute of the entrepreneurial venture as stated that if an entrepreneur is to profit from an unexploited potential, he must also inevitably deal with a greater degree of uncertainty. Business risks occur due to uncertainty about the future and the effect of current judgements.Therefore, business choices need to consist of an assessment of their outcomes and the possibility that the outcome may differ from expectation. Entrepreneurs confront the problem that the sum of tolerable risk is based on likelihood of unconstructive outcomes and reward is often comparative to the amount of risk taken. Bird (1989) differentiates risks to five types which four of them are clearly pertinent to any potential entrepreneurs such as economic risk, risk in social relations, risks in career development, psychological and health risk. The general concept of risk has been broken into several dimensions by several authors (see for example, Assael, 1981; MacCrimmon and Wehrung, 1986; Minkow ick, 1964; Mowen, 1987; and Robertson, Zielinski and Ward, 1984). These include financial risk, physical risk, social risk, professional risk, performance risk, opportunity cost risk and time risk. Meanwhile, Carroll, Siridhara and Finchman (1986) used the Atkinsons model (consumer model of risk perception) which resulted in a six dimensions to define risk among entrepreneurs as the decision to become an entrepreneur involves consumer risk. The dimensions included in the model are financial risk, social risk, psychological risk, performance risk, safety risk and convenience risk. However, Harrington and Niehaus, (2004) noted that in business several types of risks are present and can be applied to entrepreneur business decision making such as price risks, credit risks and pure risks. Price risks include market risks associated to the victory of the business plan, demand for the product, and issues of cost and price which include output price and input price risks. Romano et al, ( 2001) includes price risk to business-related financial risks involving credit, cash flow, foreign currency and working capital. Every business risks are not monetary, yet, a good deal of risk is inherent in companies and operations itself. It can be concluded that many of these risks resulted from pressures related to company growth, company culture and information management. Other type of business risks is credit risk. Credit risk is a chance and magnitude of financial loss involved in the spending of money. To quote Harrington and Niehaus, (2004), on the credit risk of the business risk: The risk that a firms customers and the parties to which it has lent money will delay or fail to make promised payments is known as credit risk. Most firms face some credit risk for account receivables. The exposure to credit risk is particularly large for financial institutions, such as commercial banks, that routinely make loans that are subject to risk of default by the borrower. When f irms borrow money, they in turn expose lenders to credit risk (i.e., the risk that the firm will default on its promised payments). As a consequence, borrowing exposes the firms owners to the risk that the firm will be unable to pay its debt and thus be forced into bankruptcy, and the firm generally will have to pay more to borrow money as credit risk increases (p.5). Raghavan, (2005) noted that Probability Default (PD) and Loss Given Default (LGD) were used to measure credit risk and default percentage is quite high in SME sectors as compared to the large corporate or entity. Finally, pure risk is another type of business risks. These risks affect business due to reduction in value of business assets such as wreck or demolition of construction, equipment, inventory, business records, or other property; recovery and replacement costs after fires, flooding, typhoon or other disaster; and loss of income during recovery. Pure risks also involve company losses due to shipping dama ges or losses occurring because of crimes such as misappropriation or robbery. Entrepreneurs face a range of pure risks that must be controlled and managed lest they endanger the future of the firms. This pure risk also includes legal liability for damages for harm to customers, suppliers, shareholders and also injury to employees resulting from accidents, harm product, professional malpractice, inappropriate business practices and mistakes or omission. Another type of pure risk is the risk which associated with paying benefits to injured workers under workers compensation laws including the risk of legal liability for injuries or other harms to employees that are not governed by workers compensation laws. Finally, the risk that the businesses agreed to make payments under employee benefits plans due to death, illness and disability to employees (Harrington and Niehaus, 2004). The figure below shows the major types of business risk. Figure 1: The Major Types of Business Risk Source: Harrington and Niehaus, 2004 Liles, (1974) recommended that new venture entrepreneurs, involved financial status, career opportunities and psychosocial health. The new venture also will face strain and loss of family and social relations. The private monetary risk that the entrepreneur perpetrates from a failed business can affect the major losses to the entrepreneurs, resulting in a lower standard of living. Liles (1974) also suggested that the potential entrepreneur is well counselled to analyze carefully the risks associated with his specific business proposal and then make a decision to undertake them because the financial and emotional consequences of failure could be devastating. Liles then concluded that the decision depends to a great extent upon the potential entrepreneurs perception of the risk involved. Raghvan, (2005), specify the risks to SME sectors include the following: 1. Constitution of business entity involves the constitution to be risky due to lack of professionalism and overdependence on one or two key person in deciding the important part in running the business. The decisions made will affect the success or failure in establishment and advancement of the business. 2. Leverage on financial structure occurs when the business entity limits the funds mobilisation efforts that a small and medium business enterprise can raise capital and borrow. 3 Tough competition and inadequate margin resulted from competition with bigger business, whereby a small and medium business enterprise face the pressure on the margin as they have to absorb according to bigger enterprise price as they cannot raise their price. 4. Low collection in account receivable gives effects to the strain on the liquidity position of the SME sector and may be the result of bank restricted their exposure to the sector. 5. Incapacity to go for technology advancement to help the sector optimized their available resources in the best way is because of little financial resources and poor ability for leveraging the financial structure. 6. High employee turnover in the small and medium business enterprise because of limited of growth prospects includes the possible loss of manpower and additional costs in the form of training and knowledge update that will results the operation continuity and lowering the productivity. 7. Micro finance which provided credits to small enterprise as to improve the standard of living will covered them under social entrepreneurial activities. Doubtfully, the risk of the lenders will be spreading under the sector. The approach of micro enterprise finance is through repayment incentive structure, streamlined administration and market based pricing adopting profit which leads to great transform in a cumulative causation triggered by credit to MSMEs. 8. Collateral Security exists when dealing with lenders and borrower particularly to banks. Banks would not on detailed investigation and analysis of borrowers business as they already have the protection which will reflect of credit-worthiness to lenders. 9. Bank lending to MSMEs is considered as the primary source of external finance to support the sectors growth in the country. Business owners have knowledge on the prospects of venture and risk facing their business than lenders that will set in the information asymmetry. The existence of information asymmetry makes the lenders respond by increasing lending margins to levels in excess of that which the inherent risks would require. Besides, banks also curtail the extent of lending and resort to what is known as Credit Rationing, notwithstanding the fact that MSMEs would be willing to pay a fair Risk Adjusted Cost of Capital. 2.6 Risk Taking Propensity The study of decision making behaviour categorizes the risk into three elements: risk perception, risk propensity and preparedness to take risk (Brindley, 2005). Brockhaus (1980) defined risk propensity: The perceived probability of receiving the rewards associated with success of a proposed situation, which is required by an individual before he will subject himself to consequence associated with failure, the alternative situation providing less reward as well as less severe consequences than the proposed situation. (p. 513) Risk taking can also be defined as one of the three dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation of a company and refers to the readiness of the organization to consign significant resources to opportunities that might be uncertain (Junehed and Davidsson 1998). Sitkin and Weingart (1995) defined risk perception as a subjective interpretation of expected loss which affected by individuals view of the uncertainty of the decision and the consequence of the dec ision. Meanwhile, risk propensity is usually defined as an individuals general tendency toward either taking or avoiding risk within a particular kind of decision context (Sitkin and Pablo, 1992). Risk propensity is a common tendency to accept or avert risks (Sitkin and Weigart, 1995). Summary of past trend of the selected research in risk propensity have produced mixed conclusions is tabulated in Table 2.1 (p. 23). Some studies have indicated no significant differences in risk taking propensities among entrepreneurs. Risk propensity and risk perception influence risk taking. Risky decisions will be made when the situations are of high risk propensity and low risk perception. Therefore, risk-taking initiatives should be more necessary in order to achieve good results in hostile markets. In other words, business owners or managers who dare to take more risks take actions that are more suitable and perform better. Abby and Slater (1989) noted that an organization which has an international vision, favorable perception and attitudes towards international business, is willing to take risk and has the capacity to engage positively in international business activities is likely to lead the company to business success. In order to minimize risks, entrepreneurs are required to identify which variables influence their business performance. If they have a higher risk-taking propensity, they positively affect the business performance. Begley (1995) defined risk-taking propensity as the willingness to take moderate risks. This means that when entrepreneurs are faced with different situations, they would probably show different risk propensities. At the same time, different entrepreneurs faced with the same situation may present different risk propensities. Entrepreneurs are willing to accept the uncertainty. They are distinctively able to start and orchestrate events that have risk consequences (Mitton. 1989). Some entrepreneurial studies conducted propose tha t successful entrepreneurs are moderate risk-takers (Bridge, ONeil, Cromie, 1998). Douglas and Shepherd (2002) found that those with a greater risk acceptance had stronger levels of entrepreneurial intention. McClelland (1961) found that individuals would have moderate propensities to take risk if they have high achievement needs. However, Liles (1974) argued that entrepreneurs frequently have to adopt uncertainty with respect to financial well-being, psychic well-being, career security and family relations. Groups risk propensity could be influenced by various variables. Among them was characteristic of the group as suggested by Sitkin and Pablo (1992) that outcomes associated with prior risky decisions can influence risk propensity with more positive outcomes leading to greater risk propensity. Prediction by people that groups with higher levels of collective efficacy (Gibson, McKeon and Ostrom, 2000) could have greater risk propensity because they feel more capable of handling problems that arise. Similarly, groups with more ambitious goals or groups that compete closely with other groups may have greater risk propensity because risk taking is necessary for their success. The environment was another variable that may also play a role in the risk propensity of groups. For example, the group may have greater risk propensity if risk is valued in a groups social environment (Stine-Cheyne, 2002). According to Moreland Levine, (1992), a group may have a greater risk propensity because it has less fear of failure if the group expects outsiders to provide help when it is needed. When the consequences of failure are smaller, a group may be more willing to take more risks. This relationship may be moderated, however, by the availability and value of outside help. Table 2.1: Selected Empirical Research of Risk Taking Propensity and Entrepreneurs Researcher(s) Sample Place Instrument(s) Results Brockhaus and Nord (1979) New founders (N=31), newly promoted managers (N=31), and newly hired managers (N=31) United States Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire (CDQ) No significant differences in risk taking propensity of the three groups. Brockhaus (1980a) New founders (N=31), newly promoted managers (N=31), and newly hired managers (N=31) United States CDQ No significant differences in risk taking propensity of the three groups. Sexton and Bowman (1983) Entrepreneurship majors (N=61) and non business majors (N= 113) United States Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) Personality Research Form E (PRF-E) CDQ Entrepreneurship majors higher in risk taking Sexton and Bowman (1984) Entrepreneurship majors (N=45) , business majors (N=75) and non business majors (N= 98) United States JPI PRF-E Entrepreneurship majors higher in risk taking Schwer and Yucelt (1984) Owners and small business managers (N=71) CDQ No differences in personal risk; other risks mitigated by age and education Masters Meier (1988) Male and Female owners/owner-managers and managers (N=50) United States CDQ No significant differences in risk taking propensity neither between owners and managers nor between males and females owners. Table 2.1: Selected Empirical Research of Risk Taking Propensity and Entrepreneurs (Continued) Researcher(s) Sample Instrument(s) Results MacCrimmon and Wehrung (1990) Business owners and Executives Canada CDQ -The greater success was related to greater risk taking. -Education was also found to be related to risk taking. -Age, seniority, number of dependents was inversely related to risk taking. Carland, J.W., III, Carland, J.W., Carland, J.A Pearce, J.W. (1995) Entrepreneurs (N=114), Small Business Owners (N=347) and Managers (N=387) South Eastern United States JPI Older respondents explained a lower of risk taking propensity than the younger. Respondents with higher level of education had higher propensities for risk taking, Female exhibited a lower level of risk taking propensity compared to male. Begley (1995), Business executive (N=239) New England JPI failed to identify whether the level of entrepreneurial risk taking was low, moderate, or high. Koiranen, Hyrsky and Tuunanen (1997) Entrepreneurs, Small business owners and managers (N=1000) In dia, Turkey and United States JPI -Americans were more inclined to assume risks. -Finnish entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers were more risk averse than Americans. -Americans males have a higher scores than Finnish males -No significant difference between female US entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers and their Finnish female counterparts Table 2.1: Selected Empirical Research of Risk Taking Propensity and Entrepreneurs (Continued) Researcher(s) Sample Place Instrument(s) Results Stewart, Watson, Carland and Carland (1998), Students (N=206) United States and Rusia JPI and CDQ CDQ failed to measure the construct of risk taking in the investigation. JPI was more successful; however, it has components which may not be well matched for measuring entrepreneurial risk taking. Hyrsky and Tuunanen (1999) Entrepreneurs, Small business owners and managers (N=1000) Finland and United States Carland Entrepreneurship index (CEI) American had greater risk taking propensity. Forlani and Mullins (2000) CEO of the firms (N=540) United States Risk Style Scale Differences in risk propensities among entrepreneurs on their new venture choices. Petrakis (2005), Small Businessmen of SMEs (N=120) Greek 13 risk measures by author. Risk propensity affects the way entrepreneurs decide to finance their venture and also affects the first performance principal component which includes the risk undertaken and the profit rate. Leko-Simic and Horvat (2006), Croatian exporters (N=300) Croatia 5 point Likert scale There is significant difference between risk taking and non-risk taking but do not have a very high risk-taking propensity when doing business internationally. Shivani, Mukherjee and Sharan (2006) Small Entrepreneurs (N=200) India Risk Attitudes Inventory designed by Gene Calvert (1993) -A substantial proportion of respondents have low level of risk taking propensity. -No differences between male and female respondents. Table 2.1: Selected Empirical Research of Risk Taking Propensity and Entrepreneurs (Continued) Researcher(s) Sample Place Instrument(s) Results Ozturk and Hancer (2006) Middle level hotel managers (N=106) Turkey Zalaskiewicz (2001) risk scale There was no significant relationship between the risk items and corporate entrepreneurship. Walker, Geddes and Webster (2006) Small business owners (N=1600) Western Australia Measures by author -Some gender differences with women being more emotionally risk averse than their male counterparts. -Younger people, irrespective of gender were more emotionally and financially risk averse compared to older people. There were differences between gender and age cohorts in regard to initial business start-up motivation. Nieuwenhuizen and Groenewald (2006), Owners of SMEs (N=50) South Africa Neethling Brain Instrument (NBI) -The majority of the identified successful, established entrepreneurs did have a strong tendency towards creativity and propensity for calculated risk taking. Naldi, Nordqvist, Sjoberg, Wiklund, (2007) CEOs of the SMEs f irms (N=2455) Sweden Entrepreneurial Orientation. -Risk taking is a distinct dimension of entrepreneurial orientation in family firms and that is positively associated with proactive ness and innovation. -Family firms do take risks while engaged in entrepreneurial activities; they take risk to a lesser extent than non-family firms. -Risk taking in family firms is negatively related to performance. G. Thamizharasi and N. Panchanatham (2010) Small and medium enterprise (N=120) India Not mentioned Risk taking propensity is very much influenced by age, income, marital status and type of ownership. Brockhaus and Nord (1979) found no significant differences in risk taking propensity among three sample groups that they studied. The sample group consists of 31 entrepreneurs who had initiated a new venture within the past three months, 31 managers who had been transferred to another organization and 31 managers who had been promoted in their organizations during the same period of time. Risk taking was measured using the Kogan-Wallach Choice Dilemma Questionnaires (CDQ). In another study, Brockhaus (1980) defined propensity for risk-taking as the perceived probability of receiving the rewards associated with success before the potential entrepreneur actually subjects himself/herself to the consequences associated with failures. Brockhaus examined the risk taking propensity among entrepreneurs using CDQ by Wallach Kogan (1959, 1961). The study tested three categories of individuals: business owner who has started their business for three months prior to the study, managers who had changed positions in their companies within three months prior to the study and managers who had changed employers within three months prior to the study. The researchers rationale using entrepreneurs close to the starting point of business enterprise would involve those that would finally fail, thereby eliminating bias from investigating only successful en trepreneurs. However, the study found no differences between the respondents scores and the normative Kogan-Wallach data which means that the distribution of risk taking propensities of entrepreneurs and managers were the same that they are moderate risk takers. A series of researches by Sexton and Bowman (1983, 1984, and 1985) concluded that higher propensity for risk taking was a characteristic which differentiate entrepreneurs from managers. The studies used instruments that researchers developed themselves by modifying test instruments based on Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) which included measurement of those traits which had previously been found to be significant higher in risk taking among entrepreneurship majors than business administration majors and non-business majors. A study by Ray (1986) had discovered a higher propensity for risk taking among entrepreneurs, particularly when confronted with business risk. Meanwhile, (Schwer and Yucelt, (1984) found that risk taking is moderated by business experience, age, education and type of business. A similar survey conducted by Masters and Meier (1988) examined a group of managers or small business owners who had attended management development workshops using Kogan and Wallachs Choice Dilemma Questionnaires (CDQ). The study also compared the mean scores of all respondents to the CDQ norms, the scores for male and female to each other, and the scores for small business owners for managers. The study found no significant differences in risk taking propensity among male and female entrepreneurs and concluded that the womens involvement and womens entry into business had bridged the gap between the difference in male and female scores on the CDQ. MacCrimmon and Wehrung (1990) studied the risk taking propensity among executives in Canada and United States. The results showed that the degree of success among business owners and executives was related to the degree of risk taking propensity. Educa tion was also found to be related to risk taking showing that business owners and executives who are less educated were less willing to take risk. However, the study found that age, seniority, number of dependents was inversely related to risk taking. The results concluded that those business owners and managers were not willing to take risks in business were not likely to succeed. Meanwhile a study by Carland, Carland and Carland (1995) investigated the risk taking propensity using the Risk Taking scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) by Jackson (1976). There were 848 respondents consisting of 114 entrepreneurs, 347 small business owners and 387 managers which were located in 20 states in the South-eastern United States using convenience sampling method. The study revealed that the owners displayed a higher level of risk taking compared to the managers. The study also looked at the differences among entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers which showed that a mong the three groups, entrepreneurs had the highest risk taking propensity, followed by small business owners and managers. Another part of the study was to examine the demographic differences of risk taking propensity such as gender, age and education. The findings indicated that older respondents exhibited a lower of risk taking propensity than the young ones. Respondents with higher level of education had higher propensities for risk taking and finally, female exhibited a lower level of risk taking propensity as compared to male. So, via the JPI, the research resulted in differentiation on demographic, as well as among entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers. Other study by Begley (1995), who conducted the research on 239 New England business executive found that risk taking propensity was the only trait on which founders and non-founders differed but failed to identify whether the level of entrepreneurial risk taking was low, moderate or high. Koiranen, Hyrsky and Tunnanen (1997) conducted a study to find out whether there was any difference on risk taking propensity between American and Finnish entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers. The study revealed that U.S entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers were more inclined to risk taking than their Finnish counterparts. The samples for this study were 1000 U.S entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers and 1000 Finnish entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers. The instrument used to measure risk taking propensity was the JPI. The result showed there were no significant difference between female US entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers and their Finnish female counterparts. Stewart, Watson, Carland and Carland (1998), examined the risk taking propensity of students using JPI and CDQ for the purpose of measurement comparison and validity assessment. The study used two samples of 138 students and 68 students from two universities using convenience sampling method to examine the differences in JPI and CDQ. The study found that the CDQ failed to measure the construct of risk taking in the investigation. Even though JPI was more successful, however, it has components which may not be well matched for measuring entrepreneurial risk taking. The researchers suggested entrepreneurship researchers should be more careful when trying to measure business risk taking propensity, and must not rely too heavily on a generic substitute. Hyrsky and Tuunanen (1999) measured the varying degrees of innovativeness and risk-taking propensity by Finnish and U.S entrepreneurs and small business owners found that the Americans (N=456) had greater risk-taking propensity than the Finns (N=434) who tended to be more conservative and risk-averse. The study used the Risk Taking scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) by Jackson (1976) to measure the risk-taking propensities which includes 320 True-False statements consisting of 16 scales, eac h comprising 20 statements, and the scores of each scale ranging from 0 to 20. In elements of risk, risk perceptions and entrepreneurs propensities to take risk influence choices among potentially risky entrepreneurial venture survey by Forlani and Mullins (2000), respondents were CEO of the 540 firms listed in INC, Fortune and Business Week magazines of the fastest growing public companies in the United States. The respondents were contacted by fax to request their participation in the study and 210 agreed to participate in the study. The instruments were then mailed and asked to return via U.S mail to ensure confidentiality. The study found an effect of differences in risk propensities among entrepreneurs on their new venture choices. Das and Teng (2001) proposed a temporal framework of strategic risk behaviour in which the two temporalities were integrated with risk propensity and perceived decision context. The study also suggested individual risk propensity can manifest i tself with different saliencies in decisions involving different time horizons. The result showed a fairly clear divide the short-range side was dominated by situational factors (perceived decision context), while the longer-range side was influenced more by the dispositional risk propensity. Balabanis and Katiskea (2003) noted that risk taking propensity directly influenced by company size because larger companies have a greater pool of resources that gives more space to take risks and spread them among different products and markets. In addition, larger companies are unable to tolerate losses from unsuccessful entrepreneurial efforts. Therefore, level of risk taking propensity among larger companies was expected to be higher as compared with smaller companies. Petrakis (2005) investigated the risk propensity among 120 businessmen of MSMEs who own capital smaller than 10,000,000 Euros (EU definitions of MSMEs). The study found that risk propensity affected the way entreprene urs decide to finance their venture and also affected the first performance principal component which includes the risk undertaken and the profit rate. Leko-Simic and Horvat (2006) analyzed companys age, size and types of business as determinants of risk taking propensity on 300 Croatian exporters. They were randomly drawn from Croatian Chamber of Commerce database as 10% of active exporters. The samples were clustered into risk-taking and non-risk taking segments. The two clusters were analyzed with statistical inferential analysis against different aspects such as objective and subjective of export performance. The study found that there was significant difference between risk taking and non-risk taking but they did not have a very high risk-taking propensity when doing business internationally. Past studies by Shivani, Mukherjee and Sharan (2006) had used Risk Attitudes Inventory designed by Gene Calvert (1993) to measure risk taking propensity. The maximum score was 15 whi ch showed the higher the total score the more the risk taking propensity. The scores from 0-5 were categorized as having low risk taking propensity, scores from 6-10 as having moderate risk taking propensity and 11-15 as high risk taking propensity. The study found that a substantial proportion of respondents had low level of risk taking propensity. However, the study found no differences between male and female respondents. Ozturk and Hancer (2006) analysed the relationship between middle level hotel managers risk taking propensity and corporate entrepreneurship. To analyse the relationship, 106 middle level hotel managers in Didim, Turkey were surveyed for their risk taking propensity. In addition, corporate entrepreneurship scale was also used to identify if the hotels have corporate entrepreneurship activities. The study showed that there was no significant relationship between the risk items and corporate entrepreneurship. Walker, Geddes and Webster (2006), studied the ri sk taking propensities among women business owners and how age affects such activities. The questionnaires were distributed to 1600 small business owners in regional and metropolitan Western Australian and the response rate was 30% (486 questionnaires returned). The study found that there were some gender differences with women being more emotionally risk averse than their male counterparts. With regard to age, younger people, irrespective of gender, were more emotionally and financially risk averse compared to older people. There were also differences between gender and age cohorts in regard to initial business start-up motivation. The study concluded that self-employment might be a viable alternative to mainstream employment for women in general; it may not be the best alternative for all younger women, given that many of them still have to balance between work and family. Nieuwenhuizen and Groenewald (2006) investigated methods or instruments that determine an individuals crea tivity and risk propensity identified that Scheins Career Anchor Instruments and the Neethling Brain Instrument (NBI) as two appropriate instruments to determine creativity and evaluate risk propensity. The results proved that the majority of the identified successful, established entrepreneurs did have a strong tendency towards creativity and propensity for calculated risk taking. Naldi, Nordqvist, Sjoberg and Wiklund (2007) focused on risk taking as one important dimension of entrepreneurial orientation and its impact on family firms. The respondents were the CEOs of the 2455 MSMEs firms obtained from Statistics Sweden (the Bureau of Census) using stratified sampling method. The data was collected using telephone and mail surveys. The study found that risk taking is a distinct dimension of entrepreneurial orientation in family firms and that is positively associated with proactiveness and innovation. Another finding from this study was, even if family firms do take risks while engaged in entrepreneurial activities, they take risk to a lesser extent than non-family firms. Finally, the study also found that risk taking in family firms is negatively related to performance. Tamizharasi and Panchanatham (2010) studied the demographic factors of the small and medium enterprise attitudes in Cuddalore district of Tamilnadu, India. They stated that entrepreneurial attitudes can make the entrepreneurs stronger and more successful in their business. They also found that age and ownership were related significantly to risk taking. The study concluded that entrepreneurial attitudes increased with the increase of the age, income, change in marital status and type of ownership. Summary This chapter presents a review of previous researchers on the risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs. In summary, this chapter has attempted to organize the previous research findings to develop an understanding with regards to the topic under investigation. It summarizes the empirical evidence of those in order to address the main issues for the focus of this study. From the literature, the discussion on entrepreneurs risk taking propensity centred on the two variables that influence the risk taking propensity demographic and business characteristics. The influence of these predictors variables on entrepreneurs risk taking propensity has also been reviewed briefly. From the discussion, it can be summarize that demographic and business characteristics are the most important components of risk taking propensity. Studies on demographic characteristics revealed that certain variables are more likely to have positive influence and contribute to development of entrepreneurs risk taking propensity. For example, age has been shown to have significantly positive relation with risk taking propensity. Marital status also seems to be related positively with risk taking propensity. Meanwhile, gender has been found to show inconsistent results. Business ownership and owners business experience have also indicated positive relationship with risk taking propensity. For this study, the researcher selected only these four demographic characteristics due to limited time and resources available for this research. Furthermore, demographic characteristics only form a subset of the numerous independent variable to be examined in this present study. Selection of a few appropriate demographic variables is therefore essential. Another pressing need for research appears to be investigating on how business characteristics of entrepreneurs will relate to their risk taking propensity. It seems that business characteristics measured by size, length of business, type of business , amount of start-up financing, sources of start-up financing, location and number of employees has produced supportive evidence for such relationship. Therefore, for the present study, business characteristics were utilized where business characteristics were measured by size, length of business, type of business, amount of start-up financing, sources of start-up financing, location and number of employees. Finally, considering the lack of empirical research for MSMEs risk taking propensity in Malaysia, especially in the two east coast states, and further research to address these issues is apparently warranted. In the next chapter, will gives insight into research design employed to interrogate the research problem with specific reference to sampling, data collection methods and the statistical techniques utilised.

Analysis Of George Orwell s 1984 - 848 Words

Critical Analysis In the George Orwell’s novel 1984, much of the society is watched and have no privacy of any kind. Every person in the Party is under surveillance. In effect, these people cannot live freely and independently, but it seems to be an impossible task because of of the Party surveillance, and how they limit thinking and manipulate reality. We can similarly see these concerns and their effects in today s society and the ways the novel also acts as a warning for the future. In 1984 a man named Winston lives in a world covered in cameras. He is under surveillance twenty/four seven. Winston was interfered with his privacy, but also every other citizen is monitored. In 1984 George Orwell said â€Å"There was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment†. Winston was not allowed to do anything or show any type of expression. Privacy shows the type of freedom we have and our limits as a citizen. Privacy shows are freedom because it is hard to not be invaded by our own personal things. In today s world privacy has become a problem. Privacy affects my own rights as a citizen. To have my privacy I feel comfortable, then to be invaded and watched for every little thing I do. If I was to be invaded for every single thing I do there would be no such thing as privacy. In â€Å"Privacy Has a Politics†, Sherry Turkle states, â€Å"How technology guru, become a justification for the U.S government to use the internet t o spy on its citizens†. I thinkShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841423 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel 1984 by George Orwell, the Party has many strategies and tactics that help them have complete control of the people of Oceania. The control the Party has maintained gives them the ability to manipulate people as a result. The Party takes away the people’s freedom to have a say in their government and become their own person. They use their power to an extreme against the people rather than to help the people. The Party takes advantage of every opportunity to instill fear in the citizensRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 949 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"1984† is a story which takes place in what was then the future of England. The book illustrates a dystopian society in which a government figure named â€Å"Big Brother† rules above all. The country is surrounded by eyes so to speak, devices called â€Å"telescreens† are in hou ses and buildings to monitor what all of the citizens are doing via camera. Coupled with that is the existence of the â€Å"Thought Police† whose sole job is to monitor citizens from committing â€Å"thoughtcrime† which is essentially thinkingRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 923 Words   |  4 Pages1984, is a book written by George Orwell giving the reader a view of what a dystopian government would be like. 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